​The Heritage Foundation’s  Election Fraud Cases database found only 77 instances of non-citizen voting between 1999 and 2023.  The Heritage Foundation is a research and educational institution whose mission is to build and promote conservative public policies, based in Washington, D.C..

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Considering that there is virtually no non-citizen voting in the United States, the burdens put on citizens to prove their citizenship in order to vote will effectively prevent many citizens from being able to register and vote.

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For example:

• Eligible voters without easy access to documents such as passports or birth certificates could face new barriers to registration.  Approximately 44% to 50% of Americans do not hold a valid U.S. passport.  

• Married women whose birth certificate does not match the last name on their passport or other form of ID would have to produce affidavits and marriage licenses to prove their identity.

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